The English organ: how it evolved through history


What does the term ‘English organ’ conjure up in your mind? Rich sounds in a generous acoustic, underpinning a cathedral choir?

The pomp and ceremony of a royal occasion or the Last Night of the Proms? Or maybe just background muzak to a church service or civic event: sometimes saccharine, sometimes bombastic? The English organ has fulfilled all of these functions and more, but it has its own musical significance, too. At its best, it is the medium of some of the finest national music ever written, and its story is also a fascinating if quirky mirror of our musical and social history.

The history of the organ in England

Although the earliest known reference to an English organ dates from the tenth century, when St Dunstan gave an organ to Malmesbury Abbey, nothing exists of an instrument in unaltered form until the 1680s or so. But with a bit of digging around, we can work out what some of these earlier organs sounded like. And so our musical story begins in the 1520s.

Our knowledge of the sort of organs played by Byrd and Tallis and the so-called ‘English virginalists’ was, until recently, limited to the odd surviving stop-list and much conjecture. Why do no organs survive from this era? Sadly, wanton destruction and changing tastes are to blame.

The 16th-century English Reformation under Henry VIII saw the destruction or terminal decline of many English organs. Unlike some of the impressive and relatively large organs found in mainland Europe’s churches and cathedrals at this time, English Tudor organs were modest in size and expectation. A handful of stops were all that was required to accompany or play alongside the choir. It could simply be that they were not perceived as impressive enough to be saved from zealous Reformers.

Wetheringsett’ organ

In 1977, a man renovating his farmhouse in Wetheringsett, Suffolk, was intrigued by a piece of timber that had served as a door in centuries gone by. Why did it have rows of grooves and holes? Eventually it was identified as an organ soundboard (on which stood the pipes) dating from around 1525, which enabled organ builders Goetze and Gwynn to recreate a Tudor organ in 2001. They were able to do this because the soundboard of an organ tells you how many pipes and stops the organ had, and therefore allows for a complete reconstruction.

The resulting ‘Wetheringsett’ organ reveals some fascinating aspects about organ playing of the time. The very high pitch has implications as to how we perform solo pieces of Byrd et al on more recent instruments, suggesting that any piece using the whole tessitura of the organ would have sounded nearly a fifth higher than notated. With that in mind, there’s no doubt that Tudor organists would as a matter of course have had to transpose accompaniments to match the choir’s pitch.

And what did these instruments sound like? It turns out that English organs had a sound similar to southern European ones, with a thin, overtone-heavy tone akin to a stringed instrument – nothing like the grand tone of those found in Germany and the Netherlands.

What happened after the Reformation?

More destruction followed of those organs that had survived the Reformation, due to the next significant upheaval: the English Civil War. As Cromwellian puritanical zeal swept through the country, organs were once again under pressure (although the hypocrisy of Cromwell installing an organ in the Great Hall at Hampton Court, for his own enjoyment and edification, is telling). Distressing and reckless though these times were, they did herald a new style of music – and a new style of organ to match.

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Organ builders such as Robert Dallam, who had been working in exile in northern France, returned to construct organs for English institutions.

The new organs built by Dallam and his contemporaries were fitted with extra gallic sounds: colourful trumpets, cremonas, vox humanas, cornets, and mixture stops to extend the harmonic series upwards. An extra manual (creating the new ‘double organ’) began to be more commonplace, and grew to be part of the soundworld of Blow, Purcell and Locke: Englishness influenced by the French fashions of court life. Inevitably perhaps, with different musical expectations, pitch standards and the like, earlier 16th-century organs were neglected and replaced with something more fashionable.

The 18th century saw a move to a more refined and understated tone, along with an extra dynamic flexibility in small ‘swell’ divisions, but essentially the English organ did not notably change in its conception and basic elements until the 1840s. Hints of what were to come can be found in the fine 1829 Bishop organ of St James’s, Bermondsey, London (then the largest church organ in England): there are some aids to changing the stops while playing, a broadening of the tonal palette and a slight loudening of the sound. And its pedals – viewed with either disinterest or suspicion by many of the English organ fraternity of the time – were duplicated by an extra manual at the side, allowing for a second player to perform the pedal line.

The development of the organ’s pedals

But why? The discovery of JS Bach’s organ works was quickly changing English organ culture as his music required a full pedal division. As early as 1809, composer Samuel Wesley had collaborated with Charles Frederick Horn in editing and publishing Bach’s six organ trio sonatas (the first time all six had been published anywhere, albeit for piano duet/three hands).

This new appetite for Bach was ignited further by Mendelssohn’s long visits to Britain, starting in 1829. The lawyer-musician Henry John Gauntlett, along with the organ builder William Hill, spearheaded a revolution to provide new organs with the ‘German’ compass (ie a full pedal division and an abandonment of the old English extended low notes on the manuals).

Despite the arrival of such instruments, English organists were still reticent to use the pedals. It was only in the latter decades of the century (thanks to the likes of WT Best and Sir John Stainer) that pedalling was widely regarded as an essential part of organ technique.

The stage was set for the emergence of an organ builder who moulded the English style into something bolder, louder and more distinctive: the great craftsman and engineer Henry Willis. After his impressive debut at the Great Exhibition of 1851, resulting in an important contract at St George’s Hall, Liverpool, Willis built significant organs in major English cathedrals, concert rooms and town halls.

The Victorian organist entertained large audiences with orchestral transcriptions, extracts of Bach and the occasional original piece of Mendelssohn, Smart or Parry, while towns and cities saw the commissioning of a large, new organ as a matter of civic pride. The English organ was reaching the public in ways not seen since Handel’s organ concertos mesmerised London theatre goers and Vauxhall promenaders a century earlier.

The 20th century

It was perhaps inevitable that this orchestral bent was to drive the English organ to its next stage, of ever-closer imitation of orchestral colours, an expanding dynamic range and flexibility, and a refining of tonal blend for a greater range of registrational options. The man who first developed such ideas with a zeal and an engineering confidence was Robert Hope-Jones.

Hope-Jones emigrated to the US in 1903 to seek his fortune where, despite the tragedy of his suicide in 1914, his ideas formed the basis of Wurlitzer’s cinema organs. This same ethos informed early 20th-century English organ culture, where organs by Harrison & Harrison, Hill, Norman & Beard, John Compton and others often took refinement and blend to a new level – and occasionally at the expense of character. This is the soundworld associated with Howells, Whitlock, Harris and others (even though many prominent organists of that generation presided over organs of a more Victorian pedigree).

Meanwhile, while English organists and their audiences basked in smooth sounds and orchestral effects, the winds of change were blowing in Germany. The early music revival was taking root in the 1920s: the so-called ‘Praetorius’ organ built by Walcker in 1921 at the University of Freiburg signalled a new way ahead, despite its electro-pneumatic key actions.

England, however, seemed uninterested or unaware of these tonal trends. The 1937 Eule organ commissioned by Lady Susi Jeans for her private Surrey residence (with the mechanical action made by Hill, Norman & Beard) was to remain an isolated instance of a new, classically inspired organ. Jeans tutored and mentored a significant number of the next generation, though, which encouraged the gradual move post-WWII towards instruments built for an earlier repertoire.

It was not until 1954 with the then controversial Royal Festival Hall organ and its smaller cousin in Brompton Oratory, and later still in 1965 with an imported mechanical-action Danish (Frobenius) organ at The Queen’s College, Oxford, that the culture started to change significantly. The ‘authentic’ realisation of JS Bach and earlier repertoire, already firmly established in mainland Europe, became the cornerstone of this new English world.

Today we’re still living with some of the fruits of this movement, both in terms of organs and musical thought, but the pendulum has swung again. Current new English organs are often eclectic in nature – they are often in places where choral accompaniment of the likes of Stanford and Howells is a big part of the diet – although fine copies have been made of earlier (usually English) styles from the Tudor to the Victorian.

So what’s the future for the English organ?

Both the strength and weakness of the English organ has been its strong link with liturgical choral accompaniment, despite the popularity of the town hall solo tradition and a secular presence over the centuries. In places where that choral tradition has collapsed, too many English institutions have installed a substitute fake organ, or none at all.

Perhaps it is no coincidence that Russia, Japan and South Korea attract large audiences for organ concerts, as they do not associate the instrument with churches, liturgies and choirs. The English organ will doubtless continue to live alongside our choirs, but we also need to learn to appreciate the solo repertoire and associated instruments for their own sakes, and to encourage the musical enjoyment of this fine corpus of music. If we can succeed in this, the English organ should be set to flourish for a very long time.

Fugue State Films’s three-part documentary ‘The English Organ’, presented by Daniel Moult is available to watch on Vimeo

Best of 2022, Classical Music/Opera/Dance: ‘Sweeney Todd,’ NYCB, Albany Symphony sparkled


We look back at the year’s best in classical music/opera/dance via excerpts of 2022 Daily Gazette reviews.

Opera Saratoga: “Sweeney Todd,” June 29, SPAC

Review: Colclough, Carmello superb in Opera Saratoga’s inventive ‘Sweeney Todd’

Premiered in 1979, the show never grows old, and this production reveled in finding creative visual ways to keep the action fast-paced and lively. Give credit for that to director Stephen Nachamie for his excellent blocking, especially of the large chorus numbers and their placement, as well as Ben Pilat’s varied lighting.

“But musicals are about singing, and this cast could not have been better. With headliners like Metropolitan Opera bass-baritone Craig Colclough as Sweeney Todd and Albany native and acclaimed Broadway musical star Carolee Carmello as Mrs. Lovett, the show was off and running.

New York City Ballet, July 13, SPAC

Review: New York City Ballet’s ‘Glass Pieces’ highlights night of precision, imagination, color

The New York City Ballet raced back into full flower Wednesday night at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center and the huge crowd was totally into every moment.

Besides a new red curtain, new floor for the dancers to dance upon, new chairs for the orchestra to sit upon and a new sound system, the evening was a joyous eruption at every possible point. The company presented three contrasting ballets and showed that its considerable reputation for precision, symmetry and imagination was all very much intact despite a change in leadership and the pandemic.

Philadelphia Orchestra, Aug. 11, SPAC

Review: Philadelphia Orchestra, violinist Goosby astound crowd at SPAC

The Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of music director Yannick Nezet-Seguin once again astounded a huge crowd Thursday night at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center with their extraordinary playing and joie de vivre. Added to that was the orchestra and SPAC debut of violinist Randall Goosby, who was equally fabulous.

… Goosby projected a cool and confident demeanour, and from the opening highly nuanced bars he played with deep bowing, a lot of passion and lift to his phrases, and a clean technique.

Albany Symphony Orchestra, Oct. 8

Review: Albany Symphony thrills audience with music, message

The Albany Symphony Orchestra was in top form Saturday night at the Palace Theatre in its first concert of the season. Not only did they thrill the large crowd with exceptional playing, but music director David Alan Miller’s repertoire choices were especially welcoming.

None more so than the first work on the program of Joel Thompson’s ‘An Act of Resistance.’

Takacs Quartet, Oct. 16, Union College Memorial Chapel

Review: Technical clarity, diversity of styles mark Takacs Quartet concert at Union

With a quartet of such venerable experience, the large crowd could expect to hear exceptional playing.

In every aspect, they were hugely rewarded.

Violinists Edward Dusinberre and Harumi Rhodes, violist Richard O’Neill and cellist Andras Fejer were totally focused on finding each composer’s voice, even down to altering the tone of the quartet’s sound.

And this besides stellar technical clarity, superb musicianship and fabulous ensemble playing.

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Categories: Entertainment, Life and Arts, Life and Arts



A Musical Journey From Classical to Creative as Vidushi Kala Ramnath performs In Ahmedabad on 12th January, 2023




Ahmedabad, January 3, 2023: Vidushi Kala Ramnath, the singing violin, will be performing at a concert in Ahmedabad at L D Arts College,(Old Amrut Mody School of Management).

The concert has been organised by Saptak School of Music. Violin Maestro Kumaresh ji will perform along with Kala Ramnath.

Kala Ramnath being one of the most brilliant and electrifying violinists in Indian classical music today.Her playing is characterised by her incredible speed and dexterity, remarkable control of the bow, and an extraordinary ability to bring out the subtleties of the ragas by making her violin sing. Her performances range from the traditional styles to the more experimental directions of improvisation.Her playing is deeply rooted in the traditional styles of Indian classical music, yet she has the ability to take her audience to new levels of musical exploration. Her improvisations are always filled with emotion and depth, and she always leaves her audience in awe of her mastery of the instrument.”

On performing at the Saptak- Annual festival of classical music, Kala Ramnath says “”The violin is a magical and complete instrument. It has the power to evoke emotions and create beautiful music. It can create a wide range of sounds and can be used to express a variety of feelings. Music is an endless journey and the violin is a vehicle for me to explore its infinite possibilities.”

Kala Ramnath frequently gives lectures and seminars all around the world. A few organisations worth mentioning are the Weill Institute in collaboration with Carnegie Hall in New York, the Rotterdam Conservatory of Music in the Netherlands, and the University of Giessen in Germany. She is committed to using music to improve the lives of ill and underprivileged children through her charity, “Kalashree.”

When will Apple Music Classical be released?


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Apple Music logo

In 2021, Apple acquired the classical music streaming service Primephonic. At the time, the Cupertino firm said the service “plans to launch a dedicated classical music app next year combining Primephonic’s classical user interface that fans have grown to love with more added features.”

But as 2022 passed, the company didn’t state when Apple Music Classical would be released. With that, it’s been more than a year since Primephonic users don’t have a place to listen to their favorite classic songs properly.

Last February, 9to5Google discovered a code reference regarding this upcoming Apple Music Classical, as it found a string referencing it. Here’s what the publication reported in 2022:

In August of last year, Apple acquired Primephonic to boost its streaming service’s classical music prowess. The dedicated app was shut down several months later, and existing subscribers were told to use Apple Music until the new app was ready in early 2022.

With that deadline nearing, the Apple Music beta features a string that reveals the name “Apple Classical,” and the upcoming ability to open a compatible track directly in the optimized service. That looks to be the name for the upcoming Android app, but it could always change before launch. This reveal is similar to that of “Apple One” in 2020.

Is Apple Music Classical coming in 2023?

As of now, it’s unclear when Apple Music Classical will be released, as Apple only mentioned this service when the company acquired Primephonic in 2021.

The last time Apple focused on new services was in a 2019 event when it introduced Apple Arcade, Apple News Plus, Apple TV Plus, and the Apple Card. The company unveiled Apple Fitness Plus and an Apple One bundle a year later.

Since the company is rumored to introduce new Macs this year, a Spring event with new hardware and a possible Apple Music Classical announcement could make perfect sense.

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Classes begin at Lata Mangeshkar music college | Mumbai news


Mumbai: Classes at the international music college in memory of legendary singer late Lata Mangeshkar started at the Ravindra Natya Mandir, Prabhadevi, on Monday.

Set up by the Maharashtra government, the Bharat Ratna Lata Bharat Ratna Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar International College of Music started with three certification courses.

Ravindra Natya Mandir is a temporary arrangement for the college as 7,000 square metres of land has been allotted for the construction of the institute at the Kalina campus of University of Mumbai.

The first batch of the college has 54 students for three different courses — 23 students for Hindustani Classical Music (vocalist), 21 students for Sound Engineering (music production) and 10 students for Piano/Keyboard.

Each certification course is of one-year duration with intake capacity of 25 students. The college had initially planned to start with six certification courses including – Flute Playing, Tabla Playing and Sitar Playing – but could not do so owing to poor response from students.

“We have completed the preparations and decided to extend the last date for admission by another month. Once we start getting better response, the classes for the other three courses will also be started,” said a senior official from the directorate of arts.

The directorate is also planning to complete the first batch by July so that admissions for the next batch can be started from the coming academic year.

Principal secretary, higher and technical education department, Vikas Rastogi said, “According to the university grants commission (UGC) guidelines, each student will have to attend classes for at least 180 days. Going by that, we are looking to complete the certification course of the first batch by the middle of this year. That’s how the second batch of the certification courses can be started from the upcoming academic year.”

The state government had decided to establish an international music college as a tribute to the legendary singer. When the construction of the proposed building at Kalina campus is completed, the college plans to start diploma and degree courses.

“A brief plan of the building will be prepared with the help of a advisory board comprising members of the Mangeshkar family and other music maestros. It will then be approved by the state government following which, a detailed project report (DPR) will be prepared to start the construction work,” Rastogi said.

He said that they can think of starting diploma courses in the existing set up only after completing at least two batches but for degree courses they will require a full-fledged institution.

The international college was inaugurated by the chief minister Eknath Shinde and deputy chief minister Devendra Fadnavis at Ravindra Natya Mandir on September 28.

The advisory board is headed by Hridaynath Mangeshkar. The other members are Usha Mangeshkar, Adinath Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar and Mayuresh Pai.



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EC appoints Maithili Thakur as Bihar’s state icon


Folk singer Maithili Thakur was on Monday appointed the state icon for Bihar by the Election Commission.

Thakur, trained in Indian classical and folk music, was recently selected for the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar of the Sangeet Natak Akademi for her contribution to the folk music of Bihar for 2021.

“The ECI has approved the proposal of appointment of Maithili Thakur, folk singer as State Icon of Bihar”, the letter sent to the Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar by the poll panel said.

The singer will create awareness among the voters for their participation in the electoral process, a senior official of the state election commission said.

The singer’s father, Ramesh Thakur, told PTI, “We are grateful to the EC and the Bihar government. At the same time, this recognition will give her (Maithili) more impetus to spread Bihar’s folk music across continents and generate awareness about the importance of participating in the electoral process”.

Maithili, born in Bihar’s Madhubani district, along with her two brothers, were trained by their grandfather and father in folk, Hindustani classical music, harmonium and tabla.

She has rendered traditional folk songs of Bihar in Maithili, Bhojpuri and Hindi. 

(Disclaimer: This story is auto-generated from a syndicated feed; only the image & headline may have been reworked by www.republicworld.com)



Mixtape #67 : Best Albums of 2022


HAPPY NEW YEAR!

i want to give a loud shout out of thanks to all of you who have supported 5:4 during the last year, especially my most excellent posse of Patrons. As always, i’m starting the new year with a look back at the best albums of 2022, in a mixtape featuring one track from each album.

Here’s the tracklisting in full, together with the approximate start time for each track; links to buy the music can be found via the previous two days’ articles. Mixcloud has changed its rules on the number of mixtapes that can be hosted for free (now just 10), so from now on the 5:4 mixtapes will be available to stream and download direct from here.

  • 00:00:00 Juliana Hodkinson – Achtung, Stufe! (from Angel View)
  • 00:03:29 Gwenno – Tresor (from Tresor)
  • 00:07:33 Howard Shore – The Future (from Crimes of the Future (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack))
  • 00:10:03 Ryoji Ikeda – ultratronics 12 (from ultratronics)
  • 00:13:50 Lera Auerbach – Prelude 14 – Prelude 15 (from 24 Preludes & Oskolki)
  • 00:16:33 Elo Masing – Bellbuzzbox [excerpt] (from Voolujoon)
  • 00:22:13 Harry Partch – Act 1: On a Japanese Theme – Sanctus – an Entr’acte (from Delusion of the Fury)
  • 00:28:03 Belle and Sebastian – Prophets On Hold (from A Bit of Previous)
  • 00:32:29 Töfie – Stannah To Heaven (from Organic Love)
  • 00:35:31 Ülo Krigul – Aga vaata aina üles – 6. Kui vanasti räägiti tuulest [excerpt] (from Liquid Turns)
  • 00:41:01 Orphax – Spectrum I [excerpt] (from Spectrum)
  • 00:46:30 Tālivaldis Ķeniņš – Symphony No. 8 “Sinfonia concertata” – II. Chorale: Largo [excerpt] (from Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8 [Latvian National SO / Poga])
  • 00:51:41 Jenny Hval – Cemetery Of Splendour [excerpt] (from Classic Objects)
  • 00:57:04 Mitski – There’s Nothing Left Here for You (from Laurel Hell)
  • 00:59:41 James Hamilton – IV. Expanse [excerpt] (from APEIROZOAN)
  • 01:04:37 Nils Henrik Asheim – Salme 19. Himmelen forkynner Guds herlighet (from Salmenes Bok)
  • 01:08:29 Beyoncé – Church Girl (from Renaissance)
  • 01:12:12 Get Well Soon – One For Your Workout (from Amen)
  • 01:16:07 Éliane Radigue – Occam XXV [excerpt] (from Occam XXV)
  • 01:21:01 Stefan Węgłowski – PHASE_02 [excerpt] (from PHASE_1_4)
  • 01:26:32 Saajtak – Queen Ghost Speaks (from For the Makers)
  • 01:31:37 Francisco López – Untitled #400 – movement 2 [excerpt] (from Untitled #400)
  • 01:36:59 Natasha Barrett – Speaking Spaces No. 1: Heterotopia [excerpt] (from Heterotopia)
  • 01:41:55 Shiva Feshareki – Aetherworld [excerpt] (from Turning World)
  • 01:47:05 Auteyn – Conduit (from Vigiles)
  • 01:49:48 Bekah Simms – from Void [excerpt] (from Bestiaries)
  • 01:55:03 LEYA – Dankworld (from Eyeline)
  • 01:58:34 Congregation of Drones – Experimental Treatment [excerpt] (from Twenty Twenty)
  • 02:05:03 Rebecca Saunders – void [excerpt] (from Skin)
  • 02:10:23 Bára Gísladóttir – VÍDDIR [excerpt] (from VÍDDIR)
https://5against4.com/audio/mixtapes/mixtape67_bestof2022.mp3

Greenwich high student named 2023 YoungArts award winner


Stephanie Chang of Greenwich, a student at Greenwich High School, has received a 2023 YoungArts award in Classical Music, recognized for the caliber of her artistic achievement. She joins 702 of the most accomplished young visual, literary and performing artists from throughout the county.

Selected through the organization’s competition, YoungArts award winners, all 15 to18 years old or in grades 10 through 12, are chosen for the caliber of their artistic achievement by discipline-specific panels of artists through a rigorous blind adjudication process. 

“Every year, we are inspired anew by the talent, dedication and creativity of extraordinary early career artists,” said YoungArts Artistic Director Lauren Snelling. “YoungArts is proud to support artists at critical junctures throughout their lives, and we look forward to providing community and professional and creative development opportunities that will empower the 2023 award winners as they embark on exciting careers in the arts. Now more than ever, it is essential to support artists so that their voices can be heard long into the future.”

Winning the award comes with eligibility for exclusive creative and professional development support including a wide range of fellowships, residencies and awards; microgrants and financial awards; virtual and in-person presentation opportunities in collaboration with major venues and cultural partners nationwide; and access to YoungArts Post, a free, private online platform for YoungArts artists to connect, collaborate and discover new opportunities. 

For more information, visit youngarts.org, facebook.com/YoungArtsFoundation or twitter.com/YoungArts.

Daisy troop learns about women’s suffrage 

While election 2022 showcased the right to vote, members of Daisy Girl Scout Troop 50147 in Old Greenwich learned that was not always the case.

The girls found out that women did not always have the right to vote in the United States, according to troop leader Michelle Horgan. And Katie Vairo, the mother of a troop member, was on hand to tell the girls about her great-great-aunt, Gertrude Harding, a famous suffragette who fought in the 1910s for women to get the right to vote.

Harding was one of the highest-ranking organizers in the United Kingdom’s militant Women’s Social and Political Union and was also the editor of an underground newspaper called “The Suffragette.” She later became a social worker in the United States.

During the suffragette movement, women often marched with signs to protest, Horgan said. To reenact a protest, the Daisy Girl Scouts made signs and marched around the room, shouting “Votes for Women!”

The Daisy Girl Scout troop leaders are Horgan and Julie Hammer.

Local students earn academic honors

A number of students from Greenwich have earned academic honors for the fall term at the Harvey School in Katonah, N.Y.

Several have been recognized for making the head’s list as Cavalier Scholars with GPAs of 4.0 or higher, the head’s list with 3.7 GPAs or higher, or the honor roll with GPAs of 3.3. 

The Greenwich students who were named Cavalier Scholars are Spencer Elkind, grade 12; and Wesley Elkind and Eleanor Florin, both grade 11. 

The local students named to the Head’s List are Rachel Dickey, grade 11; Lily Hakim, grade 10; and Adalaine Hayes and Lily Kutai, both grade 8. 

The local students named to the Honor Roll are Teddy Aaron and Daniel Lehman, both grade 8; Raizy Akrongold, grade 11; and Brady Campos and Maximilian Denner, both grade 10. 

The Harvey School in Katonah is an independent coeducational college-preparatory school for students in grades 6 through 12.

 



Thomas Weelkes sacked for being drunk in charge of a choir


The year is 1619, and on a routine Sunday at Chichester Cathedral the service of Evensong is happening. But suddenly, it is rudely interrupted.

One of the choir members, a lay vicar named Thomas Weelkes, begins to ‘curse and swear most dreadfully’, as an eyewitness report puts it, and ‘so profane the service of God as is most fearful to hear, and to the great amazement of the people present’.

Weelkes’s bizarre behaviour was nothing new. ‘Divers times and very often’ he had previously disrupted services, coming ‘either from the tavern or alehouse into the choir’ in a besotted condition ‘much to be lamented’.

Weelkes was, to put it bluntly, an alcoholic, and just two years earlier had been sacked as organist and choirmaster at Chichester Cathedral after 15 years in position. Perhaps out of pity, he was allowed to remain as a singer in the choir.

Things had once been very different. Weelkes arrived at Chichester Cathedral sometime in 1601-02, when he was in his mid-20s and already the fêted composer of three books of madrigals. The Chichester job was a major improvement on his previous post at Winchester College, and Weelkes soon cemented his position in Chichester society by marrying into a well-off local family. A flourishing professional career seemed to beckon for the young and aspiring composer-musician.

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Chichester Cathedral was, though, a combustible working environment. Well before Weelkes arrived, there was turbulence and insubordination in the choir he had been hired to manage. One of his predecessors as choirmaster had, it seems, assaulted the verger and threatened to shoot anybody who tried to oust him, and two lay singers had been involved in a nocturnal scuffle where a knife was brandished.

Attempts were made by the Cathedral authorities to quell the maverick conduct. One decree stipulated that ‘none of the vicars choral, lay vicars, singing-men or Sherborne Clerks shall be a fighter, common brawler, quarreller or drunkard either within the Close or within the City’. Another choirmaster was admonished for ‘haunting of alehouses’ and a ‘singing-man’ was ordered to desist from going bowling instead of turning up for services.

Despite this history of open lawlessness, Weelkes’s early years at the Cathedral were seemingly placid, and he composed a good deal of excellent choral music. But trouble still rumbled in the choir. In 1605, its members were banned from bringing their dogs with them to services, and later advised there should be ‘no unreverend gesture nor unseemly talking’ during worship.

Perhaps inevitably, given the toxic environment he worked in, Weelkes’s conduct eventually buckled too. In 1613, a decade into his tenure, he was sanctioned for drunkenness – though the popular tale of how he was once fined for urinating on the dean from the organ loft is probably a myth.

By 1616, the ‘insufficiency and defect’ of the choir and the ‘disorderly, scandalous or defamed persons’ it harboured were cited against him. Absenteeism among singers was rife, and Weelkes had allegedly done little or nothing to stop it.

The axe finally fell on 16 January 1617, when Weelkes was dismissed from all of his positions at Chichester Cathedral. ‘He hath been and is noted and famed for a common drunkard and a notorious swearer and blasphemer,’ read the citation. ‘His usual oaths are that which is most fearful to name, by the wounds, heart and blood of the Lord.’

Weelkes reportedly accepted the verdict without comment. Though reinstated as organist at the Cathedral five years later, and continuing in the choir as a rank-and-file member, his career as a composer and musician never properly recovered. He died in London in November 1623, aged 47, leaving just five shillings to each of his three children.

Main image: Thomas Weelkes memorial © Bashereyre at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Best Albums of 2022 (Part 2)


So here they are, crowning this year’s 5:4 Best Albums list, the most imaginative, extraordinary and downright amazing releases of 2022.


15 | Nils Henrik Asheim – Salmenes Bok

Nils Henrik Asheim’s Salmenes Bok is a cycle for choir & organ exploring passages from 21 of the Biblical psalms. These are so arranged to create an overall structure of five sections, each of which concludes with an ‘Alleluia’ for organ solo. Each section taps into the psalms’ considerable emotional contrasts and weight, though Asheim’s approach is very far from familiar word-painting. A good example is the single line exhortation taken from Psalm 27 (“Hide not your face from me”), rendered not with desperation or earnestness but a kind of broken distraction, the words emerging as barely audible but united syllables, one at a time.

The relationship between choir and organ is fluid. At times the instrument seems to act like the deity itself, an active presence by turns engaging with and disinterested in the voices as they seek to praise, lament and beseech. Elsewhere it takes on something of the details and actions in the texts, such as gruff clusters in Psalm 74, describing the power of god, or more overtly in the Alleluia movements where the organ evokes trumpets, tambourines, dancing and cymbals. As always with Asheim, the music is a masterclass in unconventional invention, bringing the psalms alive in an entirely new way, one that vividly reveals powerful, relatable emotional truths in their ancient words. [CD / DL]

14 | Beyoncé – Renaissance

“You know all these songs sound good”, Beyoncé remarks at the start of opening track ‘I’m That Girl’, and she’s not wrong. That’s putting it mildly; in a 20-year solo career where the hype has invariably tended to be more dazzling than the actual music, Renaissance is a long-awaited testimony to what Beyoncé is really capable of. The words take centre stage – except they don’t, not always: throughout, Beyoncé is accompanied by a shifting chorus of herself and others lurking on either side, on the fringes, in the distance. They respond, echo, interject, vocalise, acting not only to expand the lyrics but to ramp up the drama and momentum. This is an integral element in what’s perhaps the most outstanding aspect of Renaissance, Beyoncé’s relentlessly inventive wordplay and linguistic acrobatics (perhaps nowhere better than in ‘Church Girl’) – to the extent that, in some cases, this is so impressive in and of itself that engaging with the words’ actual meaning comes later.

But this would mean little if it wasn’t clothed in equally striking accompaniments, and through its series of mostly segueing tracks this veers from tender lyricism to blunt force swagger. The way seemingly incongruous elements enhance one another is especially impressive, as in album highlight ‘Thique’ where Beyoncé’s sensual delivery is beautifully matched with growling, buzzy electronics, or the stylistic volte face in ‘Pure/Honey’ (redolent of Of Montreal), shifting sideways into an apparently new song some time before its actual bifurcation. Structural fluidity of this kind is endemic to Renaissance, an absurdly irresistible song cycle dripping with bravado, sexuality, tenderness and cheek. [CD / Vinyl / DL]

13 | Get Well Soon – Amen

The year’s most sophisticated, emotionally arresting pop album comes from Konstantin Gropper’s ever reliable Get Well Soon. The band’s name has never been more apposite: Amen engages with the challenges, woes and despondencies of life, appropriately so for an album during the pandemic. That perhaps seems at odds with Gropper’s penchant for bright, effulgent pop, yet there’s absolutely no wallowing allowed here; as a (possibly artificial) voice declares at the start of the album, “This is an intervention”. Amen’s grappling with life starts from within in the humorous opener ‘A Song for Myself’, where Gropper’s dry litany of self-pity is met with a gloriously impatient refrain, “Stop your whining! Stop your bitching!”. It’s a tone of irreverence that seeks to burst any and all bubbles of despair, reinforced in the New Order-inflected floor stomper ‘My Home is My Heart’: “Just be yourself and love yourself, that should do the trick / Except when you’re a prick”.

The love may be tough, but it’s real. ‘I Love Humans’ is a somewhat anthropological tribute to humanity’s hope in spite of their failings – its neutrality broken up with big band stings – while album highlight ‘One For Your Workout’ (faintly evoking Kenny Loggins’ ‘Footloose’) directly challenges self-hate in a kind of modernised take on Samuel Beckett: “Relax, erring and failing’s fine / Just fail your best next time”. Often, Gropper’s delivery, despite the speed of the music, is slow and measured, bringing seriousness and solemnity to the songs, and making ‘Richard, Jeff and Elon’ feel like a valediction. ‘Us vs Evil’ lets out some pent-up anger – “I call BS” – but Amen’s conclusion is emphatically positive, suffusing its message with cheerful optimism. [CD / Vinyl / DL]

12 | Éliane Radigue – Occam XXV

Radigue’s latest Occam excursion takes the form of a 45-minute meditation for organ, performed by Frédéric Blondy. At a first (and maybe a second and third) listen, Occam XXV seems to be all about its pitch core, slowly setting up octave doublings and near-unisons to create sympathetic resonances and slightly discordant shimmerings. Yet what seems to be just as important are the ostensibly peripheral sounds: glimpses of high tracery like far-off birds; hard-to-identify noises that suggest distant thunder; even the accidental appearance of a passing ambulance outside Unity Chapel seems to contribute something valuable to the work’s glacial metamorphosis.

Nonetheless, it’s the central harmonic evolution that proves consistently hypnotic, new tones becoming folded into the homogeneous whole – or, at least, seeming to do so; perhaps we just accept them as part of the texture once they’ve appeared. Radigue harnesses the fundamental idea of tension and release, here rendered like music in freefall, continually teetering back and forth in a floating equilibrium, neither one nor the other yet always both. Especially exciting are periods of separation when the sense of a coherent whole is splintered, becoming clarified into a collection of pulsating strata. As with all Radigue’s music, what one hears in Occam XXV is a mix of actual sound and illusory effects, both of which change completely with each new listen. [CD / DL]

11 | Stefan Węgłowski – PHASE_1_4

“‘PHASE_01’ presents the key elements: a slightly pitched noise band, repetitions of a single piano note (C), and various forms of granular activity. Depending on your perspective, ‘PHASE_02’ is either a continuation of the preceding phase or a second attempt to create music from essentially the same elements, now reordered. The piano begins, soon surrounded by similar noise bands, but the granular material is here expanded, sounding both more corporeal (and more obviously electronic) and, more importantly, with a sense of implied power. […] A cycling pattern of pitches emerges later, rotating and reverberating until everything subsides into granular buzz and soft rumble.

… in ‘PHASE_03’ Węgłowski expands the identity and potential of the work’s elements, most obviously in the way the piano suddenly introduces additional pitches into its slender palette, now hammered out with real force. Energy is increased across the board: the noise becomes channelled into something akin to a wind tunnel, and the granular elements begin to swirl around the stereo field, emitting Geiger counter-like clicks. ‘PHASE_04_EPILOGUE’ offers nothing in the way of a conventional resolution. […] It hangs in space as if for eternity, implacable, unchanging – except for a surge in its bass register that persists for a few minutes – until Węgłowski slowly allows the cushion of air to expand just a little, but enough to slowly absorb everything else.” [reviewed in September]

10 | Saajtak – For the Makers

There’s a stylistic tension at the heart of Saajtak’s first full-length release. Though its ten songs display many of the tropes and trappings of rock, they play out within an altogether more imaginative approach to form, structure and narrative. Album opener ‘Big Exit’ is a case in point, essentially harmonically static while vocalist Alex Koi sings through various episodes that don’t exactly correspond to any conventional notion of a “verse”. The band progresses forward in a halting and jerking series of spasms that only feeds into the heightened emotional mood. This ostensibly incongruous melding of flow and anti-flow recurs in most of the songs. In ‘Concertmate 680’ it’s the other way round, Koi’s voice feeling her way forward while a burbling electronic undercurrent keeps momentum going, while in ‘Oak Heart’ (a duet with tenor David Magumba) the vocals float more freely over gently pulsing murmurations.

Another recurring trait is to subvert the already loosely-defined constructs established earlier on, tilting the songs into even more foreign territory. ‘There’s a Leak in the Shielding’ – featuring a beautifully pristine delivery by Koi, by turns hovering above us or intimately close, practically whispering into our ear – breaks down in its latter half to become a floating collection of pearls and dirt. Final track ‘Mightier Mountains Have Crumbled’ does this even more dramatically, breaking apart its radiant soundworld into something unfathomable. For the Makers is not rock, not even art rock, but music with sufficient ambition of outlook and execution that ‘rock’ ends up being a half-forgotten memory of a place of origin long since left far behind. [CD / Vinyl / DL]

9 | Francisco López – Untitled #400

“The work comprises two movements, the first performed by [Reinier] van Houdt on the stringless piano, the second created by López as a “studio-evolved construction” using the sounds from the first movement. In movement 1, … there’s an interplay between regularity and some combination of irregularity, superimposition and convolution. […] The way this plays out … is fascinating, sounding as if van Houdt were caught in a struggle with the stringless piano, attempting to get the impacts organised again – or even, more intriguingly, as if it were all the product of a machine trying to restore metric sense to its chaotically glitching output.

The much longer … second movement develops the sounds and ideas from the first. Most obviously, the sonic palette is greatly expanded, the sounds of the piano processed so as to create new elements that evoke sustained pitch […]. This leads to an even greater ambiguity of texture, partly because the identity of certain elements isn’t always clear or apparent due to being heard in parallel with others while also undergoing evolution. […] Though capricious and unpredictable, there’s both logic and sense to the twin narratives heard in Untitled #400. As always with López, they’re narratives that are bound up entirely with the nature of the sounds themselves – what they want to do, where they want to go – but which are always coherent, and at their height, stunningly exciting.” [reviewed in November]

8 | Natasha Barrett – Heterotopia

Heterotopia brings together three works of Barrett’s from the last three years, all of them demonstrating her unique gift for constructing intricate soundscapes where notions of real and unreal are both rendered moot. The most gentle of the three is Urban Melt in Park Palais Meran, a work bookended by glimpses of table tennis, between which we move through a series of discrete episodes that serve as windows into various parallel worlds. Here, ostensibly raw real world recordings intimately intermingle with heavily processed sounds, leading to a marvellously liminal kind of (in)tangibility. Growth, a piece created during the pandemic, is a short but potent study in sculpted reality, Barrett becoming like a scientist in a lab formulating new species of solids, liquids and gases. These are then brought together to create aspirated impacts, vaporous wind streams, intense collisions and smeared pitch bands. Somehow there’s even the impression of temperature, with certain sounds appearing to ‘burn’ through textures of crosswinds.

The title work is an amazing, 24-minute odyssey drawing on Foucault’s conception of places that are in some particular way ‘other’. Fittingly, the piece plays out like a field recording made within a dream. Often, it’s like wearing a parabolic microphone, with every tilt or turn of the head resulting in profound shifts in aural perception. The piece testifies to the superb intuitive approach Barrett takes to sound materials, where impossible transitions, unexpected drop- and fade-outs, and a constant evocation of tactile and abstract sound objects all become pseudo-‘natural’ elements within her uniquely immersive hyperreal phantasmagoria. [Vinyl / DL]

7 | Shiva Feshareki – Turning World

“One of the aspects that lifts [Aetherworld] from being just another meditative drone piece are the occasions when the voices become more demonstrative, unleashing a variety of sounds and whooping cries that project an entirely different kind of energy. […] The continual flux of emphasis between the intensity of the singers, the persistent weight of the organ and the electronic sounds penetrating through both makes it a genuinely other-worldly experience, and a fitting tribute to Josquin’s strikingly hypnotic music.

The main work on the disc is Still Point by electronic pioneer Daphne Oram. […] As a mid-20th century work combining a double orchestra … with turntables as a means to manipulate sound in real-time, Still Point is radically innovative. […] the post-Romantic noodling into which the orchestra periodically lapses becomes akin to a protrusion into a modern context of something from history, reinforced by the turntables’ surface noise coating the music with vinyl crackle. […] The two start to merge completely, the music’s Romanticisms sounding even more as if they’re memories resurfacing from a long-last past, given a lush gloss due to their at times filmic character. […] Flawed it may be in some respects, yet Daphne Oram’s Still Point nonetheless remains a staggeringly ingenious experiment in the integration of acoustic and electronic sound sources, and it’s entirely fitting that its greatly belated first performance should be preserved in this excellent recording.” [reviewed in November]

6 | Auteyn – Vigiles

Auteyn is a new project from French composer / performer Benoît Lefèvre, attempting to find “unity in the diversity of his musical experiences”. The astonishing first product of that search is Vigiles, a five-movement work melding acoustic, vocal and electronic elements into a highly allusive, immersive soundworld. The introduction to this is ‘Conduit’, where a dark, heavily reverberant descending 3-note phrase – pregnant, noirish, possibly nightmarish – repeats like a foghorn on some black abyssal plane. Becoming more melodic, each gradual step forward is encrusted with grit and dust, touched by wisps of light, air and friction. This is extended in ‘Effraie’, where percussion strikes, scuffling noise, inscrutable rumble and various forms of hiss form the backdrop to something akin to an arcane act of spellcasting, filling the space with impossible, unfathomable, semi-imaginary shapes. They form a weird floating harmony, within which a dirty bass clarinet dances.

‘Vigiles’ introduces voices, finally providing a literal mouthpiece to the preceding, possibly preparatory actions. What they sing is impossible to make out but, interspersed with string passages, the tone is elevated, glowing with adoration, building to a shining climax. ‘Déserts’ switches attention to an organ, its steady, bright material accompanied by drones and other sympathetic pitch elements in a warm soup that undergoes a lovely rich swell, before dying back into mysterious scratching noise. The work’s conclusion, ‘Fanfare’, appears at first to be an act of simplicity, but its combination of harmonium and brass forms a rich tapestry of movement that, having appeared to end, looms massively, becoming like something ancient moving with majesty and gravitas, surrounded by a stunningly gorgeous corona of sheer coruscating ecstasy. [DL]

5 | Bekah Simms – Bestiaries

The three works featured on Canadian composer Bekah Simms’s second album find her both engaging with and beginning to move away from a clear use of existing musical materials. Foreverworld is an affectionate, somewhat abstract homage to metal music, reimagining and repurposing its attitude and tropes. It’s typified by an air of solemnity with an implied underlying aggression, articulating its energy in a lurching way that needs the backup of a bass drum to make real progress. The conclusion is an unexpectedly lovely blend of ethereal and atmospheric doomjazz.

Bestiary I & II utilises fragmented syllables and gestures from Joanna Newsom’s Ys as the catalyst for a bizarre menagerie. Populated by both real and imaginary creatures, singer Charlotte Mundy navigates her way forward with a never-ending avant-lyricality, while around her the environment continually shakes up and resettles, maintaining stability though with real intensity lurking below the surface. The highlight of the album is from Void, which takes its starting point from “an intentionally error-laden digital analysis” of Rebecca Saunders’ void. A work practically defined by its violent volatility, though disorienting and unsettling there’s always a sense of unity, articulated via a constantly shifting network of individual, sympathetic lines, behaviours and ideas. [CD / Vinyl / DL]

4 | LEYA – Eyeline

“… the tuning of Marilu Donovan’s harp is gloriously off-kilter, sounding not so much out of tune as tuned to an entirely individual system of notes that’s out of step with any known scale or mode. LEYA’s songs therefore occupy a realm outside conventional harmonic spaces. Sometimes tonality is strongly alluded to – opening track ‘DOG’, for example, is underpinned by a series of harp arpeggios that make the ear and the brain fizz at the almost-rightness of its triads – but often it’s simply an irrelevance, Donovan using the instrument as a vehicle for meandering exploration, glittering decoration or ponderous rumination. ‘Glass Jaw’ is arguably the most harmonically direct song, tilting between two chords while Markiewicz’s voice […] slowly progresses through a huge, shimmering halo of triadic light, his words seemingly causing optic ripples to radiate outwards.

[…] The fact that, in general, the range of elements is small and their behaviours are kept simple, plus the relatively short durations of each song (just a few minutes each) perhaps gives the superficial impression of Eyeline as a collection of rudimentary ideas or sketches. Yet they’re nothing of the kind, each one an intense, single-minded, fully-formed miniature act of expression that sits alongside the others like alternate approaches to urgently articulate the same thing, as unfathomable as it is overwhelming.” [reviewed in June]

3 | Congregation of Drones – Twenty Twenty

“An interesting aspect of Twenty Twenty is the relationship between Harris’ violin and Stiles’ electronics. The distinction between [them] is continually blurred and clarified, though it soon becomes clear that regarding the violin as soloistic, and / or the electronics as atmospheric, is a mistake. Both are both, or perhaps it’s truer to say both are neither: if anything characterises the duo’s relationship throughout Twenty Twenty it’s a consistent sense of sympathy and unity, where either component can come to the fore or retreat to the sidelines according to the organic whims of the music. […] That organic quality is what makes the album so engrossing and immersive. It’s the best kind of organic, not merely a music that ‘makes sense’ as it progresses but which allows for complete spontaneity – where, in spite of what’s gone before, we nonetheless have little to no idea what might happen next – yet where everything sounds just right.

The spontaneity and organic nature i’ve talked about combine to create an almost biologically-charged music, continually shifting shape, all the while retaining an ever more coherent and clearly-defined sonic palette. More importantly, though, is the simple fact that Twenty Twenty is absolutely stunning. The first thing i did after listening to it, was listen to it again, and then again. Barely a day has gone by since first contact when i haven’t revisited it to discover more of what’s going on in its amazingly intricate dronescapes, and every time the experience has been different, renewed; it’s as if the album didn’t definitively exist but were being reformed and recomposed on each new listen.” [reviewed in October]

2 | Rebecca Saunders – Skin

“Saunders’ music is typified by many things, one of the most obvious being struggle, effort, the determination to grapple, wrangle, articulate, and perhaps clarify. Fraser’s personification of Molly Bloom’s monologue [in Skin] is absolutely dazzling here, a locus of potential tangibility in the midst of a vast network of loosely but tangibly connected satellites. Surely one of Saunders’ most beautiful works, void is treated here to a low-key but hypnotic performance […]. i’ve noted before about the way the halting demeanour of the music becomes mysteriously continuous, and that’s again the case here, no doubt partly due to the behavioural similarities that permeate the primary ideas in the piece. All of which makes void‘s denouement all the more unsettlingly strange: first pitches become extended – a new element in this soundworld – then almost everything dissolves, leading to a hard-to-grasp final few minutes melding vestiges of that ghostly pulse with gorgeous, faint traces of shimmer. What’s been achieved? Are we anywhere different from where we began? Are such questions null and void?

Similar questions of negation and ‘anti-substance’ proliferate in Unbreathed, performed in this recording by the work’s dedicatees, Quatuor Diotima. […] In contrast to void, but similar to Skin, there’s a constant sense in Unbreathed that each and every action doesn’t just matter but is absolutely vital. The quartet contends around a single pitch, peppering it with swoops, slides, glistenings and tremolos, always – despite, again here, regular halting – giving the impression of a desperate tussling attempt. […]

Three baffling, brilliant, beautiful compositions by one of new music’s most fearlessly, effortlessly radical composers. Few albums can be described as essential, but this is absolutely one of them.” [reviewed in November]

1 | Bára Gísladóttir – VÍDDIR

There’s an experience unique to music festivals, that i’m sure i’ve remarked about in the past, whereby one feels an anxious mixture of disappointment, resignation and regret at not being able to attend every event, confident that one is definitely going to be missing the most outstanding concert of all. For the most part, i’ve been able to shake off that dubious belief over the years, but it’s come back with a vengeance the more time i’ve spent with Bára Gísladóttir’s VÍDDIR. It was performed at this year’s Dark Music Days in Iceland, and though i attended pretty much everything else, i wasn’t able to stick around during a mid-festival hiatus of a few days in order to catch this event. The fact that the performance was recorded and released does at least bring some comfort, but it’s abundantly clear that i missed not only the most remarkable music at the 2022 festival, but perhaps one of the most marvellous live performances i would ever have experienced. Disappointment, resignation, regret: check, check, check.

Putting all that aside, VÍDDIR is an astonishing musical creation. The more time i’ve spent with it, the more uncertain i’ve become about what exactly i’m listening to. Yet equally, the more time i’ve spent with it, the happier i’ve felt about that uncertainty. In my original in-depth exploration of the piece, i remarked about “a tilting between forms of vagueness and clarity, pressure and release, pitch and noise, though the tilting isn’t a simple oscillation but follows an altogether less predictable, more intuitive narrative.” It’s this fundamentally intuitive aspect of the piece which fuels the uncertainty, though even as i write those words they seem implausible due to the fact that VÍDDIR is a carefully structured, composed work – admittedly with lengthy periods of improvisation, yet intricately planned all the same. How it sounds so completely spontaneous is just one of many mysteries at the heart of the piece.

One of the characteristics of VÍDDIR that i like most of all is its willingness to bring together not just opposites but extreme opposites. The opening moments of the work give some indication of what’s to come, the choir of flutes articulating music that sounds like a hyperactive iteration of Jakob Ullmann, combining the solemnity of drone with intense buzzing and vibrating tones that soon transform into desperate screams. The outcome of this collision simultaneously evokes stillness, stability and timelessness as well as restlessness, volatility and a focus on the moment. At any point in the piece, the music is neither one nor the other but both at once, at times resulting in a profound sense of conflicted struggle, such as the close of the first section when the flutes move from a place of radiant beauty into uncomfortable wrangling. Gísladóttir extends this further in the timbral and behavioural palette she uses. Opulent elegance sits alongside earthy ugliness, the two usually interpenetrating each other; again, neither one nor the other, but both.

An area where my perception of VÍDDIR has changed – or, at least, developed – is in the relationship between the improvised sequences performed by Gísladóttir and Skúli Sverrisson on their respective (double and electric) basses, and everything else. It seems to me now that there’s another kind of opposite manifesting here, such that the bass improvisations are internalised, while the flute and percussion articulate a more externalised form of expression. This is partly a timbral consideration: the type of soundworld that Gísladóttir and Sverrisson create together is not merely immersive but almost hermetically-sealed. Listening to them together is like sitting inside a womb, enclosed on all sides in a warm environment subject to erratic swells and reposes, but where its fundamental character is familiar and predictable (even, in some respects, almost cyclical).

VÍDDIR thereby alternates its inscrutable act of expression between internal reflection and external declamation, each – depending on your perspective – potentially continuing where they left off when the other concludes (certainly, the way the flutes continue following the first improvisation section suggests picking up where they left off). Though the former are arguably more tangibly (if only allusively) connected to the worlds of melody and harmony, the latter offer greater openness and clarity due to the range of timbres if nothing else. This is reinforced by the fact that, whereas the bass improvisations bifurcate, Gísladóttir and Sverrisson at times semi-independently going their own way, the flute and percussion sequences are more behaviourally united, lending their music more transparency.

Yet while both the ‘external’ and ‘internal’ musics are often wildly, barely controllably dramatic, they’re nonetheless subject to another impressive aspect of VÍDDIR’s musical attitude, inasmuch as it isn’t always trying to grab our attention. This feeds into the work’s contemplative side, playing out – sometimes for minutes at a time – in a way that’s almost innocuous, seemingly oblivious to notions of ‘performance’ and ‘audience’. That only makes the work’s behaviour and purpose more elusive and intriguing.

Another kind of clarity that should be mentioned is that of the recording itself. The prospect of capturing this live performance must have been a daunting one, featuring spatialised performers in the large reverberant space of Reykjavík’s Hallgrímskirkja. VÍDDIR was conceived for precisely this kind of environment, though recording it in a way that makes clear sonic sense must have been one hell of a challenge. Yet not only is it a success, it manages to go a long way to recreating what it must have been like to have actually been there – and thereby reducing just a little of that lingering disappointment, resignation and regret.

Bára Gísladóttir’s compositional ideas thrive due to their continual blurring of concrete and abstract; we’re forever caught either between the two, or more often, in the midst of both of them simultaneously. VÍDDIR is not only an engrossing large-scale demonstration of this but, more significantly, a hugely bold and ambitious synthesis of her entire musical thinking, one that may prove to be a turning point, or the end of a chapter, time will tell. Whatever it is, or turns out to be, VÍDDIR is a unique, incredible experience, and without any doubt the best album of 2022. [DL]